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Heavy Metal Bioremoval Using Microorganisme: A Literature Review

Suhendrayatna
Institute for Science and Technology Studies
(ISTECS)-Chapter Japan
Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
Faculty of Engineering, Kagoshima University
1-21-40 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan

Abstract
This paper provides extensive studies concerning bioremoval involving various types of microorganisms. Bioremoval defined as substances accumulate and the concentration of pollutants (pollutant) of a liquid by biological material, then through the process rekoveri this material may be disposed and friendly to the environment. Various types of microorganisms that capacity as the biological material is known to accumulate heavy metals in large quantities.

This phenomenon can be used as the basis for the development process so that potentially bioremoval and economically feasible technology applied to the removal and the process rekoveri heavy metal ions from a contaminated liquid. The selection of the best of several variables and parameters of the basic fundamentals of design and operation is needed to get the best applications for the process bioremoval in merekoveri heavy metals. In this case the use of microorganisms immobilisasi process is feasible and promising several advantages. Technologies involving microorganisms in overcoming environmental problems is still in development and is still much work needed in that direction. Only research and studies are ongoing to determine the best process to address heavy metal ions in the environment.


Introduction
Since the case of mercury in Minamata accident in Japan in 1953 who reported intensive, issue of pollution of heavy metals increased with the development of research that began aimed at various applications of technology to deal with environmental pollution caused by heavy metals. Excessive anxiety to the presence of heavy metals in the environment due to keracunannya rate very high in all aspects of living things. [1-3] USEPA (U.S. Environmental Agency) to record a 13 element heavy metal pollution is a major element of danger as summarized in Table 1. [3] Some of the heavy metal ions, such as arsenic, lead, cadmium and mercury is in fact harmful to human health and the survival of life on the environment. Despite the low concentration effects of such heavy metal ions can affect directly to accumulate in the food chain. Just as the sources of other environmental pollutants, heavy metals can be transferred in a very long range on the environment, then potentially disrupt the environment and biota of life ultimately affect human health even in the long run and far from major pollution sources.
It is generally known that heavy metals are dangerous elements on the surface of the earth. Table 1 shows the main sources of heavy metals found in the environment. Natural processes such as changes in the natural cycle resulting rocks and volcanoes provide a very large contribution to the environment. Beside that also the entry of heavy metals into the environment comes from other sources that include mining, oil, gold, and coal, power plants, peptisida, ¡¡ceramic, metal smelting, fertilizer factories and industrial activities of others. In some Asian countries, heavy metal contamination has spread widely as reported by the survey team from the Asia Arsenic Network (AAN) [5]. This contamination will continue to increase along with increasing business exploited the natural resources where heavy metals contained in them.